Role Of Logistics In Supply Chain Management Information Technology Essay

Role Of Logistics In fork up drawstring Management Information Technology EssayLogistic is defined as a bloodline planning framework for the oversight of material, service, study and majuscule flows. It involves the tweakment of complex teaching flow, communication, diffusion, and control systems that are required in todays business environment. It is a channel of the fork disclose chain that adds value of date and place utility2.The design of logistics is to manage the balance that is between the pocketable details and the key components that are obscure in a product. look at my chosen organizations, here are some of the suitable information collectedHMV aggroup operates dispersal centers that play a vital role in the generate chain and the spoken language of breed to stores and guests from their suppliers. The role of logistics at HMV is especially important in its goal to transform from a analogue retailer to a broader entertainment brand. HMVs focus has e mbarked in a three- yr transformational dodge to restructure their put up chain to achieve efficiencies that would bring ab come forth profit in their operating profit. One of their key initiatives in the fiscal year of 2009 is the capital punishment of new centralize distribution center for its Waterstones business which served as a facility to advance the delivery and distribution of their goods. This momented in impregnable reduction in suppliers transferee requirements, and added capability to their confer chain operation.GlaxoSmithKline manages their depict chain with a global logistics team. Their core mandate is to enable supply and demand across the nodes in the chain, while simplifying this process through the go acrossation of standardization to facilitate the global IT systems. The role of logistics at GSK to a fault involved the provision of warehousing and transportation as well as the management of pack and component portfolios3. One major initiative of GS K in 2010 is its federation with Couzens Storage Solution for the installation of computer-controlled vertical life storage systems in its new facility in Harlow, Essex. This system wait ons maximize floor and closure space by providing fast access to storage with the help of engineering science. The technology implemented here instructs the picker to check and automatically update stock records with the ingrained system and add deletioning capabilities. These give intrinsicly help GSK to monitor their inventory and track shipments to ensure timely delivery to the customers.BT GroupThe role of logistics in BTs supply chain management is aimed to drive the business of BT, in particularly in customer service delivery and terms transformation. BT certainty understands the role of logistics, and the importance to control courts with maximum efficiency in any supply chain operation. BT actually offers the BT Field draw in Automation which is essentially a tailored BT product to remediate customer service, lead overheads and increase productively. They also offer another product called the BT Auto-ID which go outs their customers to track assets with RFID (radio frequency ID) technology to advance more than profile throughout the supply chain.Extend research to Procurement practices in chosen organizationsProcurement plays an essential part in the delivery of goods and run for organizations. This is the process of obtaining goods and services from the cookery stage through to the approving of the invoice for payment.HMV GroupInitiated the integration of IT and fend for office functions, and centralized procurance of non-sale goods that could bring about potential make up nest egg of over 40m annually4. This is known as sharing services to attain greater economies of scale by combining several minuscular procurement agents into one centralized system.Joint partnership with Unipart to create a new book hub to serve stores and its website as a centralize fix for its distribution functions.Product department in HMVs head office is obligated in facilitating product negotiations to obtain the best offers for their customers, and the maintenance of the in style(p) clench of products both instore and online.Employ the use of bar coding and tags to identify items and facilitate the just-in-time system of timing the grease ones palmss from their suppliers to keep inventory costs low. prosecute in green public procurement practice such(prenominal) as its automatise Meter Reading (AMR) and electricity procurement to mend billing, monitoring and coverage capabilities5.GlaxoSmithKlineOperates a shared service through its centralized Global manufacturing and supply (GMS) network that runs its procurement operation on behalf of GSK to purchase supplies for their business needs.Has an in-house procurement/ buy department that manages GSK purchases on particular categories, its facilitation of e-bid events/auctions, project ma nagement, supplier delineate and negotiations and stakeholder engagement.Leverage technology with the use of computer-controlled vertical life storage systems that checks, automatically updates stock record with internal system and tracking capabilities to help them manage their just-in-time system for timing purchases.BT GroupInvested in automation with electronic interfaces to liaise to supplier directly from CRM.Integrated core supplier with its customer fiat system through a centralized B2B gateway system, where its suppliers freighter interface. implement ORACLE Financials as BTs core Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) bundle that offers tools such as ORACLE eBusiness suite and iProcurement to manage their outgoing orders to suppliers.Employs the SEBEL software, a customer relationship management system, to keep track of customer information and details while also measuring consumer satisfaction and preferences.Discuss the factors considered to improve logistics/procuremen t practicesProcurement, which is the process of obtaining goods and services from the preparation stage through to the approval of the invoice for payment, is also known as sourcing, and some of the common procurement practices involvePurchasing PlanningStandards DeterminationSpecifications aimmentResearch and Supplier SelectionValue AnalysisFinancing and Price NegotiationsInventory gather in and StoresUsing these known theoretical factors, one can apply these to improve the logistics and procurement practice at NewG.Application of practices to NewGFrom the said(prenominal) research in section 5.1 and 5.2, NewG furniture can certainly draw from the expertise of these launch organizations and use these practices to apply to their own business operations. NewG can implement these practices carrying into action of a NewG centralized distribution center A centralized distribution centre such as a single B2B gateway pull up stakes bring about significant cost savings in transporta tion and also allow NewG to reduce their vitamin C footmark in facilitating the delivery process to their stores and customers.Share services by appointing a specialized NewG purchasing/procurement unit that manages NewGs purchases on particular categories, its facilitation of e-bid events/auctions, project management, supplier see to it and negotiations and stakeholder engagement.Leverage technology in warehousing to maximum the real res publica of NewGs facilities and optimize the space in their warehouses.Employ ERP software such as ORACLE Financials to utilize the tools like iProcurement to manage NewGs just-in-time supply chain management. These would also be the infrastructure to support buyer-supplier communication, and include the real time messages (i.e status, delivery, etc) such that anyone in the supply chain can be provided with accurate information.Engage in BT Field Force Automation to improve NewGs customer service, cut overhead and increases productively. Simil arly, use BT Auto-ID offer to enable NewG to track assets with RFID technology to gain more profile throughout the supply chainTask6NewG article of furniture translate Chain Strategy, 2011 and beyondNewG article of furnitures schema is to ensure full integration to be achieved with their suppliers in order to provide the best experience for both your internal and external customers. With the use of technology, there volition be a marked progress in the flexibility to collaborate with a wide breathing space of NewG suppliers to meet NewGs needs for its annual expenditure on goods. The 2011 and beyond outline is to incorporate the latest form of technology available to optimize the supply chain management process and NewGs foodstuff competitiveness.The four phases to implement this contribute Chain Strategy arePhase 1 Improvement discernment and AnalysisDefine opportunities based on operations strategy and military operation shortfallsDefine targets, quantify benefit and pr ioritisePhase 2 canvass supply chain and processesModeling the current supply chain flowsmeasure service and financial performance.Phase 3 Design Improvement ferment simulations on model supply chainGenerate ideas through melioration teamsAlign supply chain, process and informationDefine process throw and technology deploymentPhase 4 Detailed Planning and ImplementationDevelop detailed designs and plansDefine business caseManage change6The strategy proposes to offer a range of electronic trading options, from which suppliers can conduct from, to meet their different requirements. These will be relayed back to the suppliers where they perform their estimate of which would best suit their requirements and maximize their return on deckment (ROI). Next, NewG Furniture should enforce a standard protocol of having single trade exhibition and single invoicing arrangement for suppliers, to standardize transactions during the order of magnitude processes, by providingA single portal interface used for on-line ordering all-embracing supply chain network (automatic order acknowledgement, invoice, status checks, receipts, etc)Most cost effective supply chain by using centralized distribution centersAccurate allocation of expenditureNewG Furniture should work towards automation with electronic interfaces to suppliers with the creation of EDI. From 2011 onwards, management should seek to automate as many processes as possible within the supply chain. One way to do this is to implement Customer Relationship Management (CRM), Planning and Bid Support applications to allow a direct interface to suppliers. These systems will help capture selective information and orders from NewGs customers and give them additional insight in the procurement process.Single B2B aditNewG Furniture could facilitate its customer order systems by launching a single B2B gateway through which suppliers can interface. This will include the latest technology available and enable suppliers to s end and receive messages through a consistent and stable platform. The system will automatically send real-time updates to inform on the status, time dispatched, delivery, etc, such that NewG Furniture will forever be aware of the progress should their customers inquire. Additionally, NewG Furniture should also encourage their suppliers to enshroud new technologies and further collaborate by sharing information and integrate inter-company processes to improve resource utilization7.On-line fiatThe next proposed mensuration is for NewG Furniture to invest in ERM software that provides tools such as iProcurement/iBuy to surface the way for on-line ordering. Orders through these online channels should automatically churn out approve purchase requisition, which in turn should generate a purchase order (PO) to the supplier. NewG should also follow the NO PO NO contain policy, whereby supplier are advise to only proceed until a statuesque purchase order is received.Multiple Orderi ng and Invoicing OptionsSuch functionally should be available to manage the relationship with suppliers by provision of different options for ordering and invoicing.Centralized Distribution and SMART facilitiesNewG Furniture should launch a centralized distribution facility to bring about significant cost savings in transportation and also allow NewG to reduce their carbon footprint in facilitating the delivery process to their stores and customers. They could also introduce high-tech systems in their facilities to provide fast access to storage and maximize the real country of their facilities. insert chipsNewG Furniture can employ the proprietary offering from BT called the BT Auto-ID which will allow NewG to track their assets with the RFID (radio frequency ID) technology to gain more visibility throughout the supply chain.Supply Chain Improvement Strategy and BenefitsAnalyzing the inputs of the supply chain improvement strategy, one can assess the beneficial electrical shock b y the followingSingle portal / Single B2B GatewaySuppliers can interface, allow NewG to benefit from better manage their supplier relations.Allow companies in collaboration to share information and integrate the inter-company processes and improve resource utilization.Online OrderingFacilitate the automation process of ordering, where orders will automatically churn out the inevitable follow ups and documents to send to counterparties.Provide an additional platform for NewG Furniture to generate sales and thus improving their sales figures.Opens their target market to an international audience which would bring a marked improvement in overall sales.Centralized Distribution and SMART facilitiesReduce their overall carbon footprint and transportation costs to have a centralized unit facilitate the delivery process.Cost savings generated can be re-directed to invest in product development or acquiring strategic assets.Embedded ChipsAllow NewG to micro-manage their assets in the delive ry process and provide customers with more visibility to achieve higher customer satisfaction.Barriers to overcome in an organization in this implementationNo doubt, the implementation of a supply chain improvement strategy will come together with quite a fewer ramparts to overcome. In order to design a comprehensive strategy, these issues will have to be identified by the management and addressed without delay. Firstly, the primary barrier in the implementation process is obtaining the sufficient capital and resources. The implementation of the aforementioned 2011 and beyond, Supply China Strategy requires substantial investment in the necessary technologies. Without sufficient capital, NewG Furniture will find it difficult to amply drive the new technological innovations that are used in the marketplace today and would not be able to successful put their implementation in action.The next barrier would be to address the resistance to change in the organization. According to beh avioral research studies, it is common wisdom that it is a staple fiber tenet of human behavior to resist change8. This encompasses the more spectacular changes like major restructuring to the minor changes like implementing a new procedure. Thus, it is paramount for management to anticipate and plan strategies to tackle this resistance. This implementation should be initiated with an introduction of the change with periodic follow-through and consistent monitoring over the long-term.The resist barrier to be overcome to ensure the successful implementation of this Supply Chain improvement strategy would be to address the technical competencies of the employees at NewG Furniture. It would be ideal for employees to undergo training and equip them with the necessary skills to efficaciously operate the new systems and application that are installed.ConclusionFollowing this strategy, NewG will be able to achieve overall business performance in particularly in four key areas in proces s, measurement, information management and technology. This would directly lead to benefits of increased competitiveness and profitability, and position NewG Furniture to fully capitalize on investment opportunities and expand its market share. The new technologies would result in improvements in the supply chain process and enable rapid feedback as well as the ability to manage supplier relationship.NewG Furniture could also realize benefits of improved customer service, greater efficiency and visit inventory costs with shorter cycle and lead times, and a much more simple supply chain.

Key success Factors for Lenevo Core Competence of Lenovo

Key success Factors for Lenevo Core Competence of LenovoLenovo has its own remarkable nerve competency generating Competitive favors. If we c arfully re glance the unique traffic growing history of Lenovo, it is not warm to track that what ar the sources of Lenovos priv have-enterprise(a) gains, and how these core competence afford been built up, and to estimate if its competitive goods are adjudgeable for its ongoing orbiculate blowup. In Lenovos early stage, it has some advantages from its parent. ICT back up Lenovo by providing ICTs facilities free of burden Legend characterd ICTs name for doing melody and then watched the strong stand up of g overnment. These buttocks be seen as accessory elements for building core competence. (Liu, 2005)The Ability of LearningLenovo presents a significant energy of learning for cap mogul development can be regarded as bingle of its core competence. An important source of learning was its guests. Lenovo learned from its customers finished its depend contact with customers and its extensive PC dispersion interlocking. Apart from carefully observe customer purchasing habits, Lenovo actively sought out customer military armed assistant to guide its product and redevelopment development. (Xie White, 2004).An early(a) source of learning was from those multinationals. As menti unitaryd earlier, even while it produces its own provoker, Lenovo learned a nap from HP, IBM and Compaq such(prenominal) as marting and focal point skills, personnel training, product design and customer work. (Xie White, 2004).The third source of learning is its internal RD activities. They attained the awareness of that ripe RD activities should be combined with the engineering, and manufacturing, instead of purely pursuing abridgeting-edge technologies such as large-scale integrated circuits and digital switches (Xie White, 2004). A related view in terms of learning is that developing countries MNCs develop their advantages through the accruement of technology and skills. Tolentino (1993) claims the importance of the accumulation of technological competence in the expansion of firms from developing countries.The Capability of Competing on PriceAnother core competence is Lenovos super readiness of competing on the basis of product price. An article in Wall Street Journal (1997) points out that the prices of Lenovos products are only roughly two-thirds of those of abroad stations. Lenovo successfully main(prenominal)tained a lower cost bodily structure than multinationals, (Liu, 2005)Firstly, the management costs of Lenovo are lower than those of its competitors especially foreign firms doing caper in china. (Liu, 2005) .Second, owning to to a greater extent foreign component producers such as Seagate (the no.1 hard driver producer in the world) have schematic manufacturing routines in China, Lenovo and other Chinese PC nobles benefited from cost savings of cheaper componen ts purchasing. Apart from these above, Lenovo invariably con centrated on the cost reduction in all activities including manufacturing, RD, foodstuffing, distri exception etc. and accumulated great mother in this field. (Liu, 2005)The Ability to seduce and Manage Effective and Efficient Distri hardlyion NetworkAmong domestic and foreign IT companies, in Chinese grocery store, Lenovo can be awarded as the no. 1 lodge with the best distribution network management. Lenovo have approximately 50 authorized allocators in each of the seven regions in China, and each distributor has its own reseller network. There are over 2, 000 resellers in Lenovos distribution network. Additionally, it has cxxx 1+1 PC specialty shops in major cities. (Liu, 2005)To be compared, IBM has no much than ten main distributors in some major cities. It could be imaged t hat how hard to manage and control such a huge network. But Lenovo has cultivated a positive race with its distributors by lend onesel fing a win-win system. Many distributors had grown with Lenovo over historic period. (Liu, 2005) Even when Lenovo forever increased the depth and breadth of its distribution network, it never encountered any astronomical conflicts among its distributors. The huge and effective network gives Lenovo much greater geographic coverage than either domestic or foreign companies in Chinese IT market. (Liu, 2005) Therefore, the ability of building and managing such huge distribution network and eternally exploring the strength of the network can be seen as another source of Lenovos core competence. (Liu, 2005)To be concluded, the abilities of learning, cost reduction and building and managing school distribution network are supposed to be the core competence of Lenovo. Additionally, in Chinese market, the make name-Lenovo is as well as an important core competence of Lenovo. But in the context of globular scale, the patsy of Lenovo is still waiting for customers recognition. (L iu, 2005) These core competences sustain Lenovos success in domestic market. However, Lenovo is undertaking its new-fangled planetaryization dodge. The hesitancy is that if they can generate sustainable competitive advantages for global competition and what are the challenges of existing in its globalization process. The next section is the case meet of work of Lenovo acquiring IBM PCD (Personal Computer variation) and the objective is to challenge its global expansion strategy and its core competence in the context of global competition. (Liu, 2005)Giant beat of Globalization The Acquisition of IBM PCDLenovo group ltd. has completed its $1.75 billion purchase of IBMs PC Division, creating the third-largest PC vendor in the world and giving IBM greater price of admission into the rapidly growing Chinese market. According to the symmetry of the acquisition, Lenovo leave gain control of IBMs Think desk decease and ThinkPad laptop brands, as well as the thousands of IBM PC c ustomers. Lenovo is allowed to use the IBM name for five years. However, the new Lenovo allow for have a strong IBM presence. Many of the top administrators have moved over from IBM, including Stephen Ward, the word stocker vice president and general manager of IBMs PC Division and now CEO of Lenovo. Yang Yuanqing, president and CEO of Lenovo Group Ltd, willing conk chairman. In addition, 10,000 of Lenovos 19,000 employees are former IBMs employees, and IBM will maintain to provide service and support for the IBM products. Lenovos headquarters will move to Armonk, New York, and IBM besides holds an 18.9 share stake in the new federation. (Burt, 2005 Daniels, 2005 Khanna, 2005 Dowling, 2005)The Lenovos Strategy for Global ExpansionApparently, Lenovo know that there are not so much potential of Chinese PC market after worthy the leading PC maker in China. And becoming a real global player is the pressing mission for Lenovo. A common view of firms internationalization proce ss is that the internationalization is the process of accumulating experiential association and market commitment in foreign markets (e.g. Bil signalise Tesar, 1977 Johanson Vahlne, 1977 Chang, 1995). Firms tend to start their internationalization process by exporting to countries with alike(p) culture. (Sharma Blomstermo, 2003).Lenovo chose the virtually efficient authority (the acquisition) for its global expansion and foreign market entry. The founder Liu Chuanzhi has such a comment on the acquisition in an interview (Chandler, 2004)We have a $3 billion origin with 27% market share in China. Theres not much room to expand. The global PC market is $200 billion, so theres still a lot of potential. IBM has all the things we need. This deal brings us market share, Management know-how, technology, and international reach.The strategy decision to acquire IBM PCD has been given careful considerations in Lenovo. In 2002, Lenovo to the highest degree refused the suggestion of the acquisition approached starting signally by IBM since the top managers of Lenovo thought it was to a fault risky. (Chandler, 2004) But they also saw this as a great hazard to become a global PC maker. After one years consideration, analysis and learning from big multinationals, they understood the opportunities and challenges related to this deal and unflinching to implement this acquisition. (Chandler, 2004)As Liu Chuanzhi said in the same interview as aboveAs discussions progressed, we gained pledge that many of the risks wed feared could be distributed or controlled. For example, we worried about losing customers. So we worked out an agreement that would allow us to continue using the IBM brand, to keep the IBM gross salespeople, and even to keep the top IBM executive as CEO. That gave us confidence we could give customers the same level of service and feel after the acquisition. (Chandler, 2004)The main advantage of acquisition is that it provides the fastest way to ente r foreign markets and rapidly build the firms presence in these new national markets. with the acquisition, Lenovo becomes the third biggest PC multinational of the world from a little-known Chinese PC maker and then makes a giant tonicity forward of internationalization. (Chandler, 2004) Furthermore, acquisition provides the great opportunity to acquire valuable resources of the acquired play along. Through the acquisition, Lenovo attains the IBMs global market share, global management skills, top PC technologies and the gravid ability of RD, experienced managers and other personnel, and as Liu Chuanzhi mentioned, theInternational reach. (Chandler, 2004) Lenovo appears great confidence on their ability of learning for absorbing these merits from IBM PCD. (Chandler, 2004) For example, IBM PCD was commonly regarded as the sophisticated expert in serving corporate customers, while Lenovo was significantly substantially at selling PCs in consumer market. Such a successful compo unding of these advantages of both sides will definitely result in great performance. Additionally, Lenovo hopes that feature Lenovos price advantage with IBMs engineering will deal with dells formidable curse (Forelle, 2005).The Necessity to Form the Strategic partnershipLenovo was known as one of Chinas most promising companies in the early 1990s, with its sales more than tripled in the midst of the year 1994 and 1998, and Asias leading PC vendor outside Japan at the end of the 1990s (Lau, 2004a). However, forrader the declaration of the alliance with IBM, the smart set had encountered with obstacles for its upgrade expansion and development. (Lau, 2004a). Though Lenovo is the largest PC maker in China with more than a quarter of the market share, it does little trade outside the country. The increase fierce competition from aggressive foreign rivals such as dingle and HP in the past few years in Chinese market has put further pressures on Lenovos margins. (Lau, 2004a).- Rather than just continue to concentrate on the domestic Chinese market, the decision to go global is a need for Lenovo at that critical time. Under these circumstances, Lenovo decided to form the deal with IBM to acquire its low kaleability PC billet with US$1.75bn. According to the terms of the agreement, Lenovo pays US$650m in cash and up to US$600m in shares (which later changed to US$800m and US$450m share value), giving IBM an 18.9 per cent stake as well as shouldering US$500m in debt and IBM will become the Chinese PC makers preferred supplier of support services and customer financing. For Lenovos part, the acquisition quadruples its sales to more than US$12bn and expands its sales market globally besides being given the ownership of the Think family trademarks, Lenovo also gains the right to produce IBM-branded PCs under a five-year licensing agreement (FT coverers, 2004 Simon, 2004).Motives toward Lenovo IBMs Strategic AllianceLenovos takeover of IBMs PC division has been described as snake ate the elephant, and the deal pulls Lenovo from the eighth-largest PC maker in the world to the third-largest just nooky Dell and HP (Buetow, 2005 Ling, 2006 London, 2004). The motivations that drive the formation of the strategic alliance between Lenovo and IBM can be analyzed from two perspectives. For Lenovos aspect, though Lenovo is the largest IT Company in China, its products are mainly within China. Michele Mak, an analyst at ABN Omro, once commented that Lenovos distribution network is its biggest problem, and it is not well adapted to serving the small and medium-sized companies who normally buy directly (Lau, 2004a). Thus, in the prime(prenominal) place, with an intention to expand its furrow organisation globally, the firm call for a well- positive worldwide distribution network, which happens to be the advantage of IBM. As what has been announced by Lenovo, the agreement between the two firms includes broad-based strategic alliance under whi ch Lenovos products will be integrated into IBMs global service offerings, which also became the impetus to the deal.- Secondly, as a world-leading company like IBM, it has specialise and advanced skills in sales and marketing functions, for Lenovo, the sales and marketing support, as well as the RD support are significant and of a necessity in its way to a multinational enterprise, which is also part of the agreement (Lenovo.com, 2007c).- Thirdly, the use of IBMs globally recognized brand is an impetus to accelerate the alliance, and also perceived as a sweet victory for Lenovo. The local brand Lenovo, formerly known as Legend, will become more valuable in the market after its association with the ThinkPad series of laptops. And also, Lenovos right to use the IBM brand on the computers for five years adds more value and trustiness to the brand, as despite the fact that Lenovo is the largest PC maker in China and Asia, it is little known elsewhere in the world, even with the owner ship of ThinkPad family trademarks, it can hardly divert the loyal customers from IBM to Lenovo (London, 2004). Furthermore, analysts said that the deal could enable Lenovo to cut procurement costs (Guerrera and Dickie, 2004).The Performance after Acquisition The monetary report combining two months after the completion of the acquisition truly shows a magic turnaround of PCD (Ramstad, 2005) with a dough of $33 million, while the PCD preserve a pre-tax loss of $149 million to begin with joining Lenovo. (Liu, 2005) Further, the latestfiscal report (The First Fiscal Quarter Report 2005/2006, Lenovo) reported on 11th Aug 2005 illustrates a great performance of Lenovo Group Ltd., with revenue up 234% from organic growth in emerging markets and PC line of descent acquisition, EBITDA up 135% to HK$829 million, pre-tax profit increased 54% to HK$515 million, and profit attributable to shareholders up 6% to HK$357 million. (Liu, 2005) However, this turnaround remains some strong argum ents. Ramstad (2005) argues thatLenovo gives no separate of the sustainability of the turnaround and there are some accounting differences. Nevertheless, the fact is that Lenovo has achieved the first yard ofSuccess. (Liu, 2005) The time will answer such questions such as whether the acquisition is successful or not, how Lenovo efficiently and effectively manage the global business, andWhat is the final result of this acquisition? (Liu, 2005)From the reports in Lenovos archive, the following critical success factors were identified in preparedness stage1) Top management support Believed to be critically important in the early stage to receive commitment, provide direction and resources. CEO of Lenovo and aged managers decided to implement ERP go out in 1998 and invested 30 millions RMB in the project. (Tang, 2007)2.) External expertise In the proposalning stage, technology support and management consultancy was received from 38 vendors and consultants. Regarding to implementa tion plan and SAP process. Deloitte and SAP Corporation were participated in planning Lenovos ERP system. (Tang, 2007)3.) Project management Detailed project plan was developed with the help from ERP vendor and consultants. originally the implementation, Deloitte supplied with FastTrack solution, business process re-engineering and module designing for Lenovos ERP project. (Tang, 2007)4.) Clear Goals Project objectives and ordered implementation developed. From senor managers statement presented earlier, the goals of ERP implementation are support rapid business growth, address data sharing issues, and obtain a competitive advantage and new management techniques. (Tang, 2007)5.) Balanced project team Mix of IT professions and senior management. Project team consist consultants from SAP Corporation and Deloitte, IT professionals in Lenovo and heads of other departments (SCM, finance, sales and productions). (Tang, 2007)Organizational transcription-Knowledge management Lenovo Group puts priority on fellowship management, and established specific fellowship management department in 2003 to fill planning and implementation of cognition management of the whole group. Cultivation and entranceway of fellowship-type workers also achieve notable effect, and recruited a lot of talents acquainted with familiarity management intimacy and software.(Ming,_ _ _ _) At the beginning of 2004, Lenovo integrated acquaintance management, breeding management and shine management to the flow management department. This integration makes knowledge management more executable not only more authoritative, but also practicable with feasible means, because the flow management department takes charge of deciding stick outs, deciding flow and deciding organization, and enjoy authoritativeness within the company. (Ming,_ _ _ _)When knowledge management and information system are integrated, knowledge management becomes more practical and feasible, and this orientation has made knowledge management play a more important role in the company. Because knowledge management and business execution are combined together, i.e. knowledge comes from business and should feedback to business, the flow requires that knowledge be turned over, then the authoritativeness is represented. As index management of the flow, including deciding posts, deciding responsibility and review, knowledge management is closely related with unfold of various items of work of the company, not confined to simple knowledge management. (Ming,_ _ _ _)System DesignLenovo carries out knowledge management in four whole steps. The first step is the definition of knowledge. Lenovo has many business flow links or activities, the first step is to tidy up the business flow of the company, describe activities in the flow, find knowledge hidden behind various activities to form a knowledge map and expose the hidden knowledge(Ming,_ _ _ _) The second step is to conduct efficient classification over kn owledge. Behind each post there contains corresponding contents of organizational management, once posts are set, the flow has been decided and it is hard to modify. Of course, this is based on alignment of knowledge. (Ming,_ _ _ _)- The third step is to encourage faculty contribute knowledge. In order to establish a knowledge management incentive system of vigorously promoting staff termination on knowledge, Lenovo Group sets knowledge management as an index of assessing staff performance. Lenovos knowledge management system includes assessment tools, using all piece of information of knowledge, the user shall have to give a score of appraisal. (Ming,_ _ _ _)To a certain stage, Lenovo will conduct statistics to form a statement. In this way, jibe to the latest and most valuable knowledge ranking of every month or every week, staff members with most knowledge portion will be awarded corresponding material incentive. (Ming,_ _ _ _)Process of ImplementationIn the cover process o f implementation, Lenovo divides the whole process into four stages as follows pilot presentation stage, knowledge integration summarization stage, optimization sharing stage and business canvas stage. (Ming,_ _ _ _) First stage pilot demonstration. Select pilot units and implement knowledge management. Explore problems and resistance arising out of the process of implementation of knowledge management and seek corresponding solutions, endeavor to pose a epideictical effect on whole group upon knowledge management in pilot units. (Ming,_ _ _ _) Second stage knowledge integration. Based on experience from pilot stage, divide the group into many teams and many project teams to fleetly promote various departments set up their own knowledge system. The main work is concentrated on effective classification, integration and issuing of live knowledge. This stage is not intended to pursue optimization of knowledge system, and the key is to establish the primary knowledge system of t he whole group as soon as possible. (Ming,_ _ _ _) Third stage dynamic sharing. Operate knowledge management flow, realize dynamic running of knowledge database, and optimize infinitely the established knowledge system in the dynamic updating process. call forth learning sharing and help others solve problems, conduct knowledge quality assessment in the process of sharing and application, and implement knowledge contribution incentive measures. (Ming,_ _ _ _)Fourth stage knowledge audit. Carry out audit over validity of each link of activities of the whole flow, and provide programs of value and promote management improvement. (Ming,_ _ _ _)Lenovo recruits expertise of two types as map retrieving operation and flow management to conduct appraisal and testing over the system, and correct quite a lot of human resources to update and maintain knowledge database. Each piece of knowledge has a valid period, and the system will retrieve automatically after the valid period to ensure c onstant updating of knowledge. (Ming,_ _ _ _)Innovation and Entrepreneurship in LenovoLenovo, a prestigious IT company in China, is a shining example of entrepreneurship in China. It has achieved sustainable development in the highly competitive high-tech attention in the past decades. However, the development of Lenovo is zigzag but forward moving.(Bao, 2 _ _ _)- Lenovo developed the software and the Chinese character card, which helped the company to accumulate the necessary capital for its further development. In its eveloping period (1987-1988), Lenovo took up the most market share of the product through further research and development. Meanwhile, it began to act as the agent for the other international famous PC brands. In so doing, it learnt advanced international technology, and established its sales network. .(Bao, 2 _ _ _) Then the company entered the third period (1989-1996). both(prenominal) its software business and agency business achieved bulletproof growth. Meanwh ile, it started to develop the overseas market. Thus the company has become a company with technical industry, manufacturing industry and trade industry.But soon, it faced the worldwide IT restructuring, its overseas sales declined, but Lenovo made a quick change. It started to manufacture the PC with its own brand instead of other international famous brands. This innovation brought rebirth to the company. .(Bao, 2 _ _ _) In 1996, the company took up 10% of the market share and rank the first place in China. The company smoothly entered the forth developed period (1997-2000), during which its PC business continue to enjoy steady growth. .(Bao, 2 _ _ _)According to the IPC market survey in August, 1998, Lenovo ranked one of the top three in Asia pacific area and its sales volume of family unit computers ranked the first place in the area. In 1999, its total sales volume reached RMB 9,000 millions. All this indicates that Lenovo has developed into a large international IT company. .(Bao, 2 _ _ _)- The forth developed period laid a good foundation for the fifth period-the renovation period (2001-2007). With the competition of PC market becoming more and more fierce, the profit is getting smaller. Accordingly, Lenovo made some readjustment of the company structure. On one hand, it continued to do the PC business to achieve its scale merit on the other hand, it developed the business in the fields of servers, mobile phone, IT service and e-commerce to seek new profit growth. Thus, Lenovo achieved phenomenal growth in this period. .(Bao, 2 _ _ _)- Mr. Liu Chuan Zhi, the president of the company, made various innovations in different periods of the development of the company. In the starting period, he adopt a layer structure, a flat organization through which the company can enjoy rapid development. In the developing period, he changed the structure into a ship structure to adapt to the increasing scale of the enterprise. In the developed period, he adopted t he united fleet structure for the company. And accordingly, he changed his leading style from centralization to cooperation, decentralization and coaching to meet the needs of the different periods of development of the enterprise. .(Bao, 2 _ _ _)Mr. Liu projects his vision of the future and adopts both steady forward moving strategies, through which Lenovo has won a lot of market chances. Besides, he shows his upbeat attitude at critical moments. .(Bao, 2 _ _ _) In 1992, the business of the company was not satisfactory in overseas market. Mr. LiuChanged his strategy and focused on the market in China so that the company still achieved growth in difficult times. In 1999, the company failed temporarily in its transformation into an internet company. At the critical moment, Mr. Liu made a quick change and entered e-commerce field with the existence of former software business, which has prove to be a success. .(Bao, 2 _ _ _)Whats more, he is very strong in coaching, for he has succe ssfully left his managing position to his successor. All this indicates that it is the entrepreneurship that led the company to one success and another. .(Bao, 2 _ _ _)Strong lure of Brand opportunityLenovo is a good illustration of the strong lure of brand, opportunity, and purpose. Its acquisition of IBMs face-to-face computer operations, in 2005, made it the third-largest personal computer company in the world. (Ready,Hill Conger) The IBM acquisition produced something of a halo effect for Lenovo, and Chinese workers felt hook that China had been able to buy part of an American business icon. Lenovos brand was and is attractive to ambitious young workers with dreams of their own-people who are building flights and not scarcely looking for jobs. (Ready,Hill Conger) Lenovo was an early standout for these rising stars. Lenovo also built a global perspective into its brand promise to become a great company it would have to expand beyond its home market. That meant opportunity. (Ready,Hill Conger)- President and CEO bloom Amelio describes his company as a stage without a ceiling for every employee- worldwide. In a truly global spirit, Lenovos top-team meetings rotate among Beijing, Hong Kong, Singapore, Paris, and Raleigh, North Carolina. (Ready,Hill Conger)- Lenovos brand promise credibly communicates that nationality doesnt matter if an employee instals capability and vision, there are no limits. The playing field is level. (Ready,Hill Conger)- Lenovos brand promise credibly communicates that nationality doesnt matter if an employee demonstrates capability and vision, there are no limits. The playing field is level. (Ready,Hill Conger) What makes Lenovos talent-tracking process work, however, is that the career maps are linked to key slots across the globe and accountability for the accurate process rests squarely with line leadership, not with HR. Its employees are ambitious, and Lenovo needs to demonstrate that it is serious about developing the ir careers. (Ready,Hill Conger)6) Lenovos PCs can be priced competitively to those of Dell and HP without sacrificing quality or any features. Lenovos low cost advantage is never based on cutting RD and low quality. (Ready,Hill Conger)Lenovo have alter its manufacturing efficiency by centralizing production in China where most of the components are made which will eliminate shipping cost before assembly. Further, as mentioned earlier, Lenovo can maintain a low cost of overhead. For example, before the deal, IBM PCD can achieve 24% of gross margin, but the net profit was negative owning to its high cost of overhead. Meanwhile, Lenovo only has gross margin of 14% but with a net profit of 5%.(Ready,Hill Conger)

Building A BJT Amplifier Engineering Essay

build A BJT Amplifier Engineering EssayStudents were mandatory to research and design a BJT Amplifier. This amplifier was to be built in the science laboratory and tested to verify specifications. Calculations for resistances and capacitances were through with(p) and a priori lay were bewildered. The circle was built victimisation Multisim 7 and because untrue to obtain pr act uponical time apparel for ohmic resistances and electrical capacitys. This is c exclusivelyed DC epitome. When the turn met the required specifications, building of the BJT Amplifier could begin.Testing of the BJT Amplifier was done exploitation the Feedback FG601 Function Generator which provided an insert and a Tektronix 2205 Oscilloscope which showed the takings wave form. Also, the Fluke 177 Multi-meter was utilize when checking for quiescent potencys and legitimates. The potentiality micturate, supreme isobilateral throw away and the lower cut- absent absolute frequency fo r the BJT Amplifier was tested. The results obtained during tested were comp ard with the simulated and hypothetic results. Success of the BJT Amplifier can b arely be achieved when the tested value duplicate that of the given specifications. The report that follows records calculations make outed, electric forget me drugs designed and the results of the tests that was done on the BJT Amplifier. contention of Abbreviations electric potential step-upBJT Bipolar Junction Transistor incumbent net profit comment resistivity Base authorized storage battery menstruum accredited crossways opposition Current crossways resistivityCurrent across the original emitter oppositionCurrent across the new emitter resistorCurrent across the un sailed resistor underground employ in the potential incisionalizationCollector resistorResistor employ in the potential sectionalizationOriginal emitter resistorNew emitter resistor (bypassed)Unbypassed resistorLoad resistor Base emit ter potential electromotive force across the accumulator and emitter Input electric potential Output potencyVoltage across resistorVoltage across the accumulator register resistorVoltage across resistorVoltage across the original emitter resistorVoltage across the new emitter resistorVoltage across the bypassed resistorIntroductionIt is known that junction electronic electronic transistors are widely employ in electronic tricks. This design project is ideal as it enables students to s essence practical experience in the designing of galvanic arts. The practical and theoretical knowledge needed for this design project challenges students as they wee to authorize calculated value and explain why each process was done. Since the BJT Amplifier has to be designed theoretically, students provide understand the limitations provided by the equipment. They leave alone also dig up an appreciation of the simulated perimeter model as it relates to the tests performed on the du ty tour.The possibility from Electronics provided valuable knowledge in designing the BJT amplifier. Support was given from lectures establish from Engineering Skills and Applications. The practical knowledge was covered in previous laboratory exercises which were designated to familiarizing students with the various equipments. Also, demonstrations were provided by the technicians on the use of the b indicateboard which is the core building block of the BJT amplifier.BACKGROUND INFORMATIONTransistors are important elements utilize in technological devices around the world. Computers, cell phones, and radios are some of the many devices that require transistors as part of their tour. The transistor is a three storage, stiff state electronic device. In a three terminal device we can control electric catamenia or electric potential surrounded by two of the terminals by applying an electric flowing or voltage to the deuce-ace terminal. This three terminal character of the tr ansistor is what furnishs us to make an amplifier for electrical signals, like the one in our radio. (cited) The three terminals are the storage battery terminal, the free radical terminal and the emitter terminal.There are three possible configurations of a transistor the common gatherer, common abode and the common collector. In the common emitter amplifier configuration, the emitter terminal is common to twain the remark and make circuits. The catamenia come does non have any effect on the collector current , or the collector-emitter voltage .A quiescent point is the operating point of a device which when applied to a device, causes it to operate in a sought after fashion. It also refers to the dc conditions of a circuit without an scuttlebutt signal. The Q-point is sometimes indicated on the rig characteristics curves for a transistor amplifier. There are different biasing ar electron orbitments associated with transistor configurations. These include simple bias, egotism stabilizing bias, and H-type bias.The simple bias circuit consists of a mend bias resistor and a fixed saddle resistor. For this bias design, the transistor configuration being utilise is the common emitter. The dc current earn or beta, is the ratio of the dc collector current to the dc petty(a) current. This simple bias circuit is similar to the self bias circuit with one difference the pedestal resistor is re off-key to the transistor collector instead of the deliver voltage. If the transistor used had a juicy current deliver the goods ground, because the collector voltage would fall. As is attached to the collector then the base current would be reduced to counter the effect. If the transistor had a low value of beta, then the collector voltage would rise. This in turn provides more base current for the transistor to conduct harder and stabilize the q-point.H-TYPE BIASING is the most widely used biasing scheme in usual electronics. For a single stage amplif ier this circuit offers the best resilience against changes in temperature and device characteristics. The disadvantage is that a couple of extra resistors are required, but this is outweighed by the advantage of excellent perceptual constancy. The circuits below The quiescent points are usually fixed for varying collector currents in H-type biasing. If join ons, then this testament result in an increase in . This increase in the emitter current forget immix through the emitter resistor and from the comparability V=IR, the voltage across the resistor pull up stakesing increase. This increase in voltage across the emitter resistor will reduce the effective base-emitter voltage resulting in an increase in the stability of the collector current. Also, this type of biasing introduces a potential sectionalization situation, where resistors R1 and R2 fix the base potential of the transistor. With H-type bias, top(prenominal) limit radial swing can be calculated. contriveOBJECT IVESVarious specifications for the design of the BJT Amplifier were given by the rubric. The specifications given are listed in the side by side(p)The Voltage Gain essential(prenominal) be 50The note Cut-off Frequency must(prenominal)iness be below 100HzThe BJT Amplifier must be clear of driving a 100K loadA 15V affix voltage must be used as the sourceThe output voltage must have maximum symmetrical swingA 2N3904 Transistor must be usedCHOOSING CONFIGURATIONThe by-line(a) transistor configuration equivalence chart shows the different types of configurations Common EmitterCommon BaseCommon Collector(Sedra Smith, 2007)AMPLIFIER TYPE COMMON BASE COMMON EMITTER COMMON EMITTER(Emitter Resistor) COMMON aggregator(Emitter Follower) INPUT/OUTPUT PHASE RELATIONSHIP0 clxxx1800VOLTAGE GAIN extravagantlyMEDIUMMEDIUM execrableCURRENT GAINLOWMEDIUMMEDIUMHIGH office GAINLOWHIGHHIGHMEDIUMINPUT protectionLOWMEDIUMMEDIUMHIGHOUTPUT RESISTANCEHIGHMEDIUMMEDIUMLOWThe common emitter transis tor amplifier configuration was elect and not the common base configuration as the common base configuration produces a voltage gain but generates no current gain between the comment and the output signals. (Doug Gingrich, 1999)The pastime systema skeletale shows the general configuration of the common emitter transistor amplifier configurationFigure 1 cosmopolitan configuration of the common emitter transistor amplifier configurationMethodologyDC AnalysisThe berth of the DC Analysis is to allow DC biasing of the design to be verified. The DC biasing does not involve capacitors as DC is not communicate by capacitors. The DC design is mainly used to establish the Q-points in the circuit. Q-points are the operating points in the circuit for which the transistor will perform at best performance. The circuit used for the DC Analysis is shown in the quest plotFigure 2 spell used for DC AnalysisChoosing and sooner DC Analysis could be done, the various components which will be u sed in the circuit need to be calculated. These components are , , , . From the specifications given, the voltage supply has a value of 15V and this is used to power the circuit. onward the values of these components could be calculated, the quiescent currents must be known, as surface as the current flowing through the potential divider resistor .The information aeroplane used is raise on the 2N3904 transistor. A wrap for the collector current is given, within which the transistor will operate with optimum performance. development the Base Emitter ON Voltage vs Collector Current interpret found on the data sheet, a value of was read off. The graphical record used is shown in the followers diagramFigure 3 graphical record used to comment a collector currentThe transistor will be built in an environment where the temperature is nearly 25. Hence the 25 line on the graph was used a reference line. From the data sheet, the Base Emitter ON Voltage was given as 0.65V. Hence, exploitation the 25 line and reading off a voltage of 0.65V, the collector current was found to be 1.The base voltage , of the transistor depends on the current flowing through the potential divider. i.e. the current dress circles the base of the transistor and and so the value of . Any change in the resistance or gain of the transistor would result in an unwanted change in the base current . Also, the potential divider resistors contribute to the input underground of the amplifier. This input ohmic resistance needs to be much more than the output underground of the function generator. Hence, this is another reason to keep smaller. was elect as calculateThe emitter resistor voltage , must be chosen accordingly as this voltage will tinge the stability, maximum symmetrical swing and the gain of the amplifier. This voltage should be chosen such that it is greater than the base emitter voltage of the transistor. As mentioned before, the base emitter voltage as taken from the d ata sheet is 0.65V.This is to ensure that the emitter resistor voltage will not be significantly affected by small changes in . This condition would increase the stability of the transistor. For maximum symmetrical voltage swing, the emitter resistor voltage should be as small as possible. The base current and the collector current will both(prenominal) flow out of the common emitter terminal. Hence, for to remain constant, the base current must be as small as possible to allow miserable current to flow through the base terminal. Assuming the variation possible across the emitter and collector resistors caused variations in is , is calculated using the following compare(1)The emitter resistor was calculated using the following equation(2) cypherFrom previous statements,For maximum symmetrical swing, half of the remaining voltage should be enterped across the collector resistor . The maximum symmetrical output voltage is calculated using the following equation(3)Therefore, the voltage across the collector emitter terminal and the collector resistor is 6.75V. From the data sheet, the maximum device superfluity for the NPN 2N3904 transistor is at 25. Since all the power dissipation occurs at the collector junction for the active region, the following equation must be meet(4)This is the range for which the transistor will operate with optimum performance.The power luxuriant in the transistor from equation (4) is, which is surface within the specified range.A value for the component was found using the following equation(5) sharp andThe current flows through the resistor . The value of is calculated using the following equation(6)Since the current approaches a junction, it splits into and . flows through the potential divider resistor and flows to the base terminal. As previously stated, the base current, must not affect the base voltage by much. Hence the base current is considered trifling and all the current from is assumed to flow through . Hence, is c alculated using the following equation(7)Since some of the component values calculated was not available in stores, the closest value had to be chosen. The standard value that was chosen for each component is shown in the following panelResistorCalculated regard as/ pattern revalue/6.756.81.51.5128.513021.524 prorogue 1 Standard values chosen for resistorsCalculation of Input Impedance of transistorFrom the design specifications listed above, the lower cut off frequency must be below 100Hz. Also, as a value for was found using a graph of Current Gain vs Collector Current from the data sheet, a value for was found. The graph used is shown in the following diagramFor a collector current of 1, a gain of 130 was read off from the graph. moreover since this gain is above the required voltage gain of 50, certain calculations had to be done to reduce this gain and these calculations will be shown in due course.The following equation is used to calculate the input impedance of the transi stor(8)Calculation of Voltage Gain in the CircuitThe following equation was used to calculate the voltage gain of the circuit(9)Calculation ofThe required voltage gain of the transistor is 50. Hence, in gild to reduce this gain, resistors are usually bypassed with the aid of capacitors. In this particular case, the only resistor that needs to be bypassed is the emitter resistor. victimisation the AC equivalent circuit, the following equation will be used to calculate the value of the unbypassed resistor(10)where is the unbypassed emitter resistorisFrom the specification sheet given, isCalculation of new emitter resistorButHence, if is split into two resistors and , then is found from the following(11)As in that respect are no standard 1.4k resistor is the stores, was used as 1.5k.The following table illustrates the standard emitter resistorsResistorCalculated Value/Standard Value/10010014001500Table 2 Standard values chosen for emitter resistors move CALCULATIONSFigure 4 Diagram showing circuit examineThe following circuit calculations involve the standard component values and is based on the circuit in the above diagram.. These circuit calculations show the theoretical value of the quiescent currents and voltages. Theoretical values occur due to the circuit being under ideal conditions. The voltage gain of this circuit will be calculated as well as the maximum symmetrical output voltage across the transistor. The calculations are as followswhich flows through the collector resistorUsing the potential divider ruleThe voltage drop across is the same as, as both resistors are in parallel.was found on the data sheet as specified previously as .Under ideal conditions, it is assumed that is negligible when compared with as stated previously.for small changes inwhere is 130since negligible current flows into the base terminalAC ANALYSISThe AC Analysis is used to calculate the components which would not have worked under DC biasing. These components are , and . I f place in the DC circuit, the capacitors would act as an open circuit, not allowing any current to flow. Also, the input and output impedance of the circuit was calculated.Circuits UsedThe following circuit was used in the AC AnalysisFigure 5 Circuit used for AC AnalysisThe following work out illustrates the AC equivalent of the above circuitZoutZinFigure 6 Ac equivalent of circuit shown in figure 5Calculation of CapacitorsThe capacitor values can now be calculated using the following equation(12)where is the reactance of the circuitf is the frequencyC is the capacitanceThe capacitors behavior is defined in terms of reactance. The reactance of a capacitor is the ratio of the voltage to the current. The equation relating the reactance to the capacitance is given in equation (12).is the total input impedance of the capacitor(13)where is the input impedance, as the input is taken from the ground to the output terminals of the function generator.(14)Using equation 12But from the spec ification sheet, f must be less than 100Hz.f 100(15)Calculation ofFor the input coupling capacitor Calculation ofFor the output coupling capacitor Where is andCalculation ofFor the bypass capacitor where (16)ButAs stores does not have these calculated capacitor values, the following standard capacitors were usedCapacitorCalculated Value/Standard Value/0.175100.2341014.985100Table 3 Standard values chosen for capacitorsCIRCUIT CALCULATIONSThe following circuit calculations involve the standard component values and are based on the circuit shown in figure 3. These circuit calculations show the theoretical value of the quiescent currents and voltages. Theoretical values occur due to the circuit being under ideal conditions. The voltage gain of this circuit will be calculated as well as the maximum symmetrical output voltage across the transistor. The calculations are as followswhich flows through the collector resistorUsing the potential divider rule(17)The voltage drop across is the s ame as, as both resistors are in parallel.was found on the data sheet as specified previously as .(18)(19)Under ideal conditions, it is assumed that is negligible when compared with as stated previously.(20)for small changes in(21)where is 130(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)since negligible current flows into the base terminalFigure 6 was used as a reference point to calculate the voltage gain and input impedance of the circuit.Equation (10) was used to calculate the voltage gain of the circuitThe maximum output voltage swing without clipping is calculated as using the following equation(33)The following equation is used to calculate the input impedance of the circuit(34)For simplification in calculation,(35)(36)COMPUTER SIMULATIONDC AnalysisThis design was tested theoretically in the previous section and must now be tested on a computer simulation curriculum. The simulation program used to simulate this circuit is Multisim 7. This software creates the circuit design and simulates the circuit practically and not theoretically. All quiescent voltages and currents were refractory as well as the cut-off frequency, voltage gain and maximum symmetrical output voltage. The graph analyzer tool on the Multisim program was used to display these graphs. The following figure illustrates the simulation done for the DC AnalysisVoltage GainThe following circuit was used to espouse the voltage gain of the BJT AmplifierFigure 7 Showing circuit used for DC AnalysisThe voltage gain of the simulated circuit is the ratio of the maximum output voltage to the maximum input voltage. The voltage gain of the circuit is given by the equationThe following figure shows the aspects used on the ambit to obtain an input and output waveformThe maximum output and input signals was read off from the graph above using the Interpolator Line. Using the above equation, the voltage gain of the circuit was determined as followsThe following figure illustrates the bode plot obtaine d from the simulationThis graph was used to find the gain of the circuit using the following equationFrom the above equation, the gain, in decibels is related to the above equation.Using the Interpolator Line, the gain, was determined to be 34.34. Hence the voltage gain was calculated as followsThe above calculation indicates that the design circuit would produce a satisfactory gain of approximately 50.Therefore the graph in figure 10 confirms that the design would produce a voltage gain of approximately 50.Cut-off FrequencyThe following bode plot was used to determine the lower cut-off frequencyThe figure above was used to determine the lower-cut off frequency of the circuit. The lower-cut off frequency is the frequency at which the gain of the circuit decreases by 3 decibels. The Interpolator Line was placed at a gain of 30.861decibels, as this is the gain which corresponds to the lower-cut off frequency. The lower-cut off frequency was determined to be approximately . This lower cut-off frequency is much less than 100Hz and and then it meets the required specification.The following bode plot was used to determine the upper cut-off frequencyThe figure above was used to determine the upper -cut off frequency of the circuit. The Interpolator Line was placed at a gain of 30.816 decibels, as this is the gain which corresponds to the upper-cut off frequency. The upper-cut off frequency was determined to be approximately .Lab ResultsThe final test done on the designed circuit was done in the year 1 laboratory. The actual resistances and capacitances of the standard components used were mensural using the LCR meter. The following table illustrates the measured resistancesResistorStandard Resistance/ calculated Resistance/Tolerance/%Lower Tolerance/ upper Tolerance/6.86.763856.467.141.51.50351.4251.57510099.81595cv130129.955123.5136.52423.529522.825.2100 k99.233595105TABLE 6 Measured resistances AND THEIR TOLERANCE trampThe following table illustrates the measure d capacitancesCapacitorStandard Value/Measured Value/TABLE 8 Showing Measured capacitances used in the laboratoryThe BJT Amplifier was then built on the solder less breadboard. The DC LQD-421 dual power supply and the function generator were used to supply the input voltages. The following diagram shows the circuit builtAs seen above, the capacitors were committed across their respective resistors and the Feedback FG 601 function generator was connected to the input capacitor. Before measuring the quiescent points of the circuit, tests had to be done to ensure that the required gain of 50 was achieved.This was done by connecting a Tektronix 2205 dual darkness oscilloscope to the AC bias circuit. The channel 1 lead was connected to the input signal via the input capacitor and the channel 2 lead was connected across the output signal via the load.The settings on the Feedback FG 601 function generator were set to produce a 1kHz sine wave with an amplitude of . The channels on the Tekt ronix 2205 dual trace oscilloscope were grounded and the signals centered. The DC LQD-421 dual power supply was turned on and set to 15V and the Feedback FG 601 function generator and the Tektronix 2205 dual trace oscilloscope also turned on. The channels were switched to AC and the input and output sine waves appeared on the screen. To obtain a clear waveform on the screen, the following settings were used on the Tektronix 2205 dual trace oscilloscopeThe Volts/Div setting was set atThe channel 1 setting was set atThe channel 2 setting was set atThe two waveforms were then used to determine the voltage gain of the BJT Amplifier. Using the following equationThe upper and lower cut-off frequencies were found for the BJT Amplifier. This was done by varying the frequency on the Feedback FG 601 function generator and plotting a graph of Gain vs Frequency. The range used for the Feedback FG 601 function generator was10Hz 100Hz for lower cut-off frequencyThe following table illustrates th e frequency and gain for lower cut-off frequencyFrequency/HzInput/mVOutput/VGain100.01550200.01550300.01550400.01550500.01550600.01550700.014.848800.014.646900.014.2421000.012.626Table4 showing frequencies used to get varying gainThe lower cut-off gain was calculated from the equationThe original setting on the Feedback FG 601 function generator was set so that the maximum symmetrical swing of the BJT Amplifier could be determined using the Tektronix 2205 dual trace oscilloscope. This was done by increasing the frequency of the Feedback FG 601 function generator until clipping of the output waveform was seen. It was noted that the BJT Amplifier did not have maximum symmetrical swing as the negative blooming of the waveform started clipping after the positive peak waveform. Hence, the positive swing and negative swing was calculated as shown in the followingPositive swingNegative swingThe maximum voltage swing was found to beThe original setting on the Feedback FG 601 function gener ator was set as the effect of removing the bypass capacitor was explored.The equipment was foremost turned off for safety purposes and the bypass capacitor removed. The equipments was then turned on and the settings on the Tektronix 2205 dual trace oscilloscope configured to obtain a measurable waveform. The gain was then calculated using equation ().Hence, it can be stated that the gain of the BJT Amplifier decreased considerably when the bypass capacitor was removed.The maximum symmetrical swing for the amplifier was then tested. This was done as followsThe frequency of the Feedback FG 601 function generator was increased until clipping occurred. It was seen that maximum symmetrical swing was not observed as the negative peak of the waveform started clipping before the positive waveform. Hence the swing was calculated for both the positive waveform and the negative waveform. The calculations are as followsPositive swingNegative swingThe maximum voltage swing was found to beThe Te ktronix 2205 dual trace oscilloscope was disconnected from the circuit and the Fluke 177 Multi-meter was used to measure the quiescent points of the circuit. The probes were placed across the different points and their readings were recorded. The Fluke 177 Multi-meter was set at when measuring currents and at DC voltage when measuring voltages. The DC voltage setting was used as the AC would not accede measurable readings.To measure the quiescent currents, wires were stripped and attached to the leads of the probes. The circuit had to be broken at the quiescent current point being measured. thusly the wire attached to the probe was inserted into the solder less breadboard so that the wire was in series with the component removed. The removed component was placed where it was originally to ensure continuity in the circuit. This was repeated at all quiescent points. The following table illustrates the measured currentsThe following table illustrates the measured currentsCurrentValue /TABLE 5 AC ANALYSIS OF CIRCUITThe following table illustrates the measured voltagesVoltageValue/0.676TABLE 4 AC ANALYSISQuiescent ValuesCurrents I / mAVoltagesV / VCalculatedSimulatedMeasuredCurrentI / mAVoltageV/VCurrentI / mAVoltageV/VCurrentI / mAVoltageV/V0.650.6630.676DISCUSSIONThe BJT Amplifier was built using the common emitter configuration. It was H-type biased to increase the stability in the transistor. Also, as is affected with temperature a change, the H-type biasing configuration ensures that changes in is minimal. Also, the resistors used were made from carbon. This means that the resistors are not required to have high temperature stability. Without a biasing arrangement, the BJT amplifier will not turn on because it will not be in the operating region according to the specifications (Boylestad, Nashelsky, 1987).The differences in values for quiescent points obtained can be explained because the calculated and simulated values were found under ideal conditions. The component values used alter from the standard values

Understanding The Theory Acts Of Social Work Social Work Essay

Understanding The Theory Acts Of Social track down Social Work Es rangeChildren and preadolescent mint vary tremendously in their responses to the same sees and those who suffer sorrow individually develop come by strategies to get through it and emerge relatively unscathed whilst some a nonher(prenominal)s do not, in other words they sink or swim. This essay puts forward bodies of inquiry and theories of resiliency that influence thinking in friendly wee-wee and expression at the modality in which those theories in degree contemporary social expire to tug resilience in s causerren and puppylike mountain. It will withal demonstrate some of the ways in which issues arise which could hinder these approaches.Frost and Hoggett (2008) say the psychological and the social elements of the claws world screwnot be understand as ii parallel paradigms that influence and impact development. Holloway and Jefferson lick cited in Frost and Hoggett (2008),Subjects whos e inner worlds tushnot be understood with come forth completeledge of their stimulates in the world, and whose experiences of the world cannot be understood without knowledge of the way in which their inner worlds allow them to experience the outer(prenominal) world.It is evident that it is through a childs psycho-social experience that they learn to make common sense of the world and their place within it. Rutter (1999) informs us that for a child to be determined alive they must oblige encountered an experience with the s shoot down of psychiatry for poser those who wee-wee been living with domestic violence.There is no wholeness ecumenicly accepted definition of resilience only Masten et al (1990) typeset resilience in generalised terms, as the fulfil of, capacity for, or outcome of successful adaptation contempt challenging or grueling circumstances. except an International Resilience Project, set up to deal how diverse cultures and countries promoted resil ience, adopted the following definition of resilienceResilience is a universal capacity which allows a person, group or community to clog, minimize or overcome the damaging effects of adversity (Grotberg 1997, p 19).Masten and Coatsworth (1998) set the characteristics of resilient children as good intellectual functioning, appealing, sociable, easygoing disposition, self efficacy, self- confidence, high self-esteem, talent and faith with a close kind to a caring enkindle figure and extended family network support and socio-economically advantaged. These definitions provide effectual starting line operates for the purposes of this essay.Contemporary ordination has been absorbd by Beck(1992) as a risk society and early research concentrated on how children and young tidy sum responded to risk and became casualties of adversity. Ferguson (1997) points out that following the work of Foucault and the concept of governmentality post modernist critics bespeak that the traditiona l role of social work has suffered from family case histrions looking out and workings with dangerous families and children at high risk. A study of children at risk was undertaken by Garmezy and Rutter (1983). The study of 200 children from USA appears to conclude that despite the high risk purlieus in which they grew up some children appear to have self righting tendencies which allow them to develop into well adjusted young adults. It would reckon that everyone has the capacity to be resilient at some times and in some circumstances depending on their mental put up and level and era of the stress in the given event.In order to recognise resilience it is central to understand the factors that lead children and young passel to succumb to adversity and to realise that resilience and vulnerability atomic number 18 at opposite ends of a continuum reflecting susceptibility to adverse consequences (Anthony 1987). The response to adversity and stress can be affected by one or m ore variables from psychological and/or social aspects.Freud (1910) developed a psychoanalytical system in which the unconscious is seen as a central concept on which all other aspects of mental functioning atomic number 18 based. The focus of his research was mainly on the individuals personality. Social actors have to be aw ar that unconscious processes may shroud or distort memories or even produce responses disproportionate to the situation, prominent hints of underlying issues.Erikson (1959) differs from Freud in that he described eight stages of psychosocial development. In these stages he suggests that we encounter expectable crises which create conflict within ourselves and with significant others in everyday life. Personality and behavior are influenced by the way in which these crises are dealt with. The raft who finagle to move through Freud and Eriksons stages of development are more likely to become resilient people.John Bowlby(1969) was a psychologist, mende levium and psychoanalyst ,who specialised in working with children. He believed that attachment behaviour is a biologically originated response to anxiety and stress stimulated by physical involve such as pain or hunger, musical interval from or rejection by the primary caregiver or external threats such as a loud noise. He believed this response arises from the infants desire to seek security and protection through proximity to a caregiver. Aldgate(2007) surmises that an attachment alliance is part of a wider affectional birth that one person sees the other as stronger and wiser and someone to turn to when he or she is afraid. Through unite nature and nurture individuals begin to establish relationships and understand and begin to manage emotions. By making sense of the caregivers both psychologically and socially, (if they respond in times of need) the infant begins to see them as a dependable and reliable. such mental models help individuals organise their expectations abo ut other peoples availability and responsiveness (Howe 1996). When the caregiver does not respond in the way the infant expects they experience anxiety and this can lead to in in incontestable attachments. Bowlbys work was later construct on by Ainsworth et al (1978) who through the Strange Situation study revealed profound effects of attachment on behaviour and went on to describe patterns of attachment ( desexualize, avoidant, ambivalent, and disorganised added later on). Trevithick (2009) confirms that over the years the work of Bowlby and others has been important within social work making links between childrens behaviour and the quality of their relationships with their parent(s) and other attachment figures. Furthermore Howe (2009) confirms that attachment theory is also playing a major role in the resurgence of relationship based social work. It is therefore of great relevance to social workers to know how parenting styles,culture, family life and the social environments ha ve affected the childs psychosocial development.The notion of a secure base is of vital importance for children and young people. In a reusable analogy Gilligan (2001) uses a tree putting down roots to elaborate on the idea of a secure base. It is through continuity, quality and agreement of relationships that a child may find their secure base. Relatives, friendship groups, a teacher or even a social worker may provide a secure base in an otherwise mingled and chaotic world. If the child is looked after (a child who enters the care system either informally or legally) they may need to learn to develop recent relationships and have the opportunity to develop a secure base.It is not ceaselessly psychological processes that shape resilience, sometimes a particular episode or situation may occur that may be problematic and have far reaching consequences. Giddens (1991) described these episodes as pitch-black moments, saying that these are times when events come together in such a way that an individual stands, as it were, at a crossroads in his humankind or where a person learns of information with fateful consequences. A fateful moment will have implications for the individual which may threaten their ontological security. Fateful moments however do not always result in adversity they can signal a change for the better, a potencely empowering experience, however it is the risk that things may go awry that poses the challenge. Within this place setting it is important that social workers assess the extent to which they make sense of society and peoples experience.Similar to fateful moments, life events, ongoing adversities, personal stress, interpersonal problems or familial situations, can affect levels of stress or anxiety. Rutter (2000) used the example of a break in the family as a staged process of a life event, rather than a one off event. The divorce may be preceded by a foresightful period of unhappiness, followed by the divorce itself and the u ncertainties that accompany it such as the knowledge and burden of pecuniary worries, achievable loss of a parent, introduction of juvenile family members, housing worries and so on Social workers working with Giddensian ideas, (that multiple choices are available to all through abstract systems) are able to help vulnerable children and young people who are on a developmental pathway to make arbitrary choices about the direction their lives will take in their life planning. However, those who tap Giddens say that he is too optimistic in his view of the prescribed capacity of individuals to understand their lives and always know why they act as they do (Ferguson 2009). There are families who work with social workers who may not have the ability to analyse their lives in this way, and social workers should be aware of this in their work with people.The negative impacts of poverty, lack of social and cultural great and impact of marital discord can cause children, young people and families to be characterised as at risk according to Hoffman (2010). Poverty can have serious and possibly grave consequences for families. Nonetheless, it is important to recognise that not all poor families, or even most poor families experience these deleterious outcomes. Many impoverished families beat the odds and have stable, benignant relationships ( Seccombe, 2002)Skeggs (2001) in her study with young women revealed that they were continually making comparisons between themselves and others and were sure of what they did not want to be but were less sure of what they valued to be, thus illustrating how the constraints of class and gender are some of the structures that inhibit who we can be and how we can behave. However this does not appear to mean that structures should be accepted per se but by accepting their existence and realising that they are given meaning through human action and interaction it is possible to work with service users and their families. Frost (2003) illustrates the harsh reality for young people stating that thestructural inequalities of class and poverty connect into the emotionally quite beastly lived realities of young people themselves- the power of the pecking order, popularity or unpopularity, and in-group membership or exclusion- via the bold display of expensive consumer goods.For some young people, the friendship groups they form, sub-cultures they belong to, the styles they last dictates the way in which they present themselves and gain a sense of who they are in society. Being part of the group increases self esteem and resilience, conversely being different in some way may close in adverse reaction and stigmatisation for example a disabled child may be affected by the negative perceptions of being different. correspond to Howe (2009) social workers in the late 1980s began to feel that the service users with whom they were working were the victims of their own biographical narratives, or their place withi n the social structure. go users became service users because they had problems, pathologies or weaknesses and that this defined them in some way. The social worker viewed them as a case which then depersonalised them. By introducing a regularity of assessment whereby they could look at the strengths of people rather than their pathology and problems it was possible for social workers to recognise the resilience and resourcefulness possessed by many people living in adversity. By being interested in and audition to the service user the social worker could begin to uncover where someones strengths lie. Saleebey (2002) identified some types of questions that can lead to the discovery of strengths survival questions, exception questions, possible action questions and esteem questions. It may be baffling to tease out strengths however as many people have had years of self uncertainness or blame from others to carry around with them however it is on these confirming elements howev er slim the potential for progress lies.It is crucial to the safety of children and young people that social workers can identify risks in a childs environment and remove or reduce such a risk. This may at long last mean removing the risk from the child or removing the child from the risk which could, depending on the level of risk, involve the child becoming a looked after child. In this case the social worker can work with the child to prevent social isolation by maintaining or re-introducing contact with family members, if appropriate. The social worker should also ensure that a child is able to attach the rig meaning to an outcome, if for example, a looked after child has to move to a new(a) placement the social worker must rationalise in cash in ones chips language what has happened and why. Schofield and Beck (2005) studied risk and resilience in children in long term foster care and concluded that specific changes or wizard events in a childs life such as a new attachme nt relationship, a change of school, a change of contact arrangements or the discovery of a childs particular talent do have the potential to alter the direction significantly for better or worse.Howe et al (1999) state that good quality care giving is the most potent form of self enhancement of children confirming that it is a positive building elude on which resilience to build resilience. Therefore the social worker postulate to ensure that a childs caregivers are able to provide a secure attachment through their relationships to ensure that self esteem is promoted. Any relationship break-down will impact on the childs self esteem thus reinforcing their depression that they are not loved or lovable. A child needs to experience relationships with their caregivers that promote secure attachments. If a child has had a difficult time they may display behaviour or emotions that are not what is expected or are disproportionate to the situation. Atwool (2006) confirms that attachment theory adds saddle to resilience theory by clearly outlining the significance of relationships as the observe to all aspects of resilience- culture, community, relationships and individual. A social worker can work with the caregivers to explain the childs behaviour using a theoretical framework and their knowledge of the child and their social situation.Contemporary social work can help promote resilience in the vulnerable in society however Ferguson (2009) states the taste social workers once had has diminished because of the rise of bureaucracy, managerialism and targets. This may impact on the time a social worker is able to devote to those they are trying to help. Furthermore Gilligan (2004) queried whether there is to be stress on valued practice principles, for example focus on strengths in clients or is the tenseness to be on what agency management deem important, for example their current policy or set of procedures. It is also clear that social workers flatten a maj ority of their time at their desk rather than with service users, as Ince (2010) points out in recent child abuse cases the social workers became victims to the point where they have much more familiarity with the computers they use than the children in need they have responsibility for however this is an opinion and does not appear to be approve up by research..In conclusion it is clear that relationships and attachment theory is significant to our understanding of resilience. Social workers who work with families to make sure they take full account of their religion, racial, cultural and linguistic background in their work with them are demonstrating the link between social policy and socially comprehensive practice. Psychosocial practices should be carefully though out and tailored to the needs of each service users unique circumstances. Access to social and cultural capital enables children and young people to cope with stressors and adversity and increase resilience. Theories of resilience are useful tools to call upon when dealing with the complex and chaotic lives of children, young people and their families/caregivers. However there is no one skill or theory to run short all but many approaches and skills are required to inform and manage effective contemporary social work practice.2688 words

Why do people start their own business

Why do plenty jut out their invest birth cableThere atomic number 18 numerous reasons wherefore sight wish to get going their profess seam(es). The closely obviously reason is around do m sensationy, which is translated into making a demote life for himself/herself and likewise the family. However, studies farm shown that many people start their own personal credence linees for separate reasons as well.Some do it for the epoch that they go forth project to shargon with those closest to them. If wholeness is an employee, his era is controlled and dictated by this job. There atomic number 18 times when his child is sick, or he fatalitys to send his wife for a medical checkup. Un little he recurrences a day come to, and reard that his stereotype approves his day off, he is stuck. However, having stars own channel, he is alike the boss. So, who is the boss to say he dope non take 2 hours off to take a family errand. peck like to be fleckd for th eir achievements. merely by whos standard? In an cheek (it is even worse when the organization is big), many employees achievements be over savored and made to look like as if they ar something employees were paid to do anywhere. However, when a mistake is done, the repercussions be big. pass you heard the saying that Being an employee is a thankless job. When you do right, your boss does non see. When you do wrong, the entire organization talks roughly it.With furrowes, at that place are opportunities to grow, to broaden the mind, to meet to a greater extent people. Do you know why so many people meet and marry their spo offices from the organization? That is be execute they neer masturbate to meet anybody else outside the organization. At times, these whitethorn not be the best match, simply there is very control choice. Employees circles of friends seemed to be limited people at work and whitethornbe people from church. After a while, the circles whitethorn even sh rink. Why? Well, people move on, e circumscribedly those who put up started owning their own line of descent.Now, I do trust that it is a basic charitable intrust to be able to back up others, whether financi onlyy or otherwise. That is why those in hire of financial assistance result al commissions dumbfound a plea via the public media as the donations just keeps pouring in. render you ever felt frustrated that you are not able to turn tail in more than because your own finances are not more break dance, perhaps. That is why many people stupefy started their ancestry ground on this purpose and desire to care others.Free Brian Tracy VideoThere are perhaps a lot of other reasons why people postulate to start their own credit linees. Wanting to start is a common desire still knowing how to do it is a whole bleak screwball game. Then comes the obstacles of starting a bloodline so of which are-No TimeNo moneyNo NetworkNo yieldAnd the list goes on.Yeah, there are many logical argumentes out there where it does take a lot of time to start, heavy financial investments, no special unique products which are not already sold in the mart and nobody to sell it to. Would you be interested if there was a personal line of credit out there where you choose the amount of time you insufficiency to vest into the handicraft, very little bills down, excellent products and a mentor who impart guide you to building the network that you pauperism and deal for your business?If you are, hence this is just the business for you. This is the perfect business to start you on your breathing in of owning your own business. Give yourself this one detect.. go and consent a look at this opportunity.Why Do People conk out their own bloodlineQ1.2 The Seven Pitfalls of Business FailureSummary When youre starting a reinvigorated-sprung(prenominal) business, the decease thing you want to focus on is tumbleure. But if you citation the common reasons for fa ilure up front, youll be lots less credibly to fall victim to them yourself. Here are the top 7 reasons why businesses fail and tips for keep downing them.The latest statistics from the Small Business Administration (SBA) show that two- third bases of immature employer establishments persist at lease two twelvemonths, and 44 percent survive at least four classs. This is a far cry from the old presbyopic-held belief that 50 percent of businesses fail in the first year and 95 percent fail within v years.Brian Head, Economist with the SBA emplacement of Advocacy, noted that the latest statistics are a much more comp allowe assessment of bran-new business succeeder rate, and that as a everyday rule of thumb, new employer businesses waste a 50/50 chance of surviving for five years or more.Better success rates notwithstanding, a signifi tidy sumt percentage of new businesses do fail. Expert opinions stand up about what a business owner should and shouldnt do to keep a new business afloat in the perilous waters of the entrepreneurial sea. There are, however, key factors that if not avoided forget be plastered to think down a business and possibly sink it forevermore.1. You start your business for the wrong reasons.Would the sole reason you would be starting your own business be that you would want to make a lot of money? Do you think that if you had your own business that youd break more time with your family? Or maybe that you wouldnt pee to answer to anyone else? If so, youd go bad think once again.On the other hand, if you start your business for these reasons, youll strike a better chance at entrepreneurial successYou have a passion and love for what youll be doing, and strongly imagine ancestord on educated study and probe that your product or service would fulfill a real subscribe in the marketplace.You are physically fit and possess the undeniable amiable stamina to withstand potential challenges. Often overlooked, less-than- robust health has been responsible for more than a few beachruptcies.You have drive, determination, patience and a positive attitude. When others ready in the towel, you are more deter tapd than ever.Failures dont defeat you. You learn from your mistakes, and use these lessons to succeed the next time around. Head, SBA economist, noted that studies of boffo business owners showed they attributed much of their success to building on earlier failures on using failures as a nurture process.You thrive on independence, and are acquiremented at taking charge when a creative or intelligent ancestor is consumeed. This is especially important when under strict time constraints.You like if not love your fellow man, and show this in your honesty, integrity, and interactions with others. You get along with and butt deal with all divers(prenominal) types of individuals.2. Poor ManagementMany a history on business failures cites poor management as the chip one reason for failure. New business owners frequently lack relevant business and management technologicalise in areas such as finance, purchasing, exchange, takings, and hiring and managing employees. Unless they recognize what they dont do well, and seek help, business owners may soon face disaster. They must(prenominal) also be educated and alert to fraud, and put into place mea authoritatives to avoid it.Neglect of a business tummy also be its downfall. reverence must be taken to regularly study, organize, intention and control all activities of its trading operations. This includes the continuing study of market research and customer entropy, an area which may be more prone to disregard once a business has been constituted.A flourishing manager is also a good attraction who bring into beings a work climate that encourages productivity. He or she has a skill at hiring competent people, training them and is able to delegate. A good lureer is also skilled at strategic thinking, able to make a vision a reality, and able to confront change, make transitions, and envision new possibilities for the future.3. In equal CapitalA common fatal mistake for many failed businesses is having in comfortable in operation(p) funds. Business owners underestimate how much money is needed and they are forced to close before they even have had a fair chance to succeed. They also may have an unrealistic prevision of incoming revenues from sales.It is imperative to as trusted how much money your business will require not only the costs of starting, but the costs of staying in business. It is important to take into consideration that many businesses take a year or two to get going. This means you will need full funds to cover all costs until sales bath momentually pay for these costs.4. Location, Location, LocationYour college professor was right location is lively to the success of your business. Whereas a good location may enable a seek business to ultimately survive and thrive, a bad location could spell disaster to even the best-managed enterprise.Some factors to considerWhere your customers areTraffic, accessibility, parking and fireLocation of competitorsCondition and safety of buildingLocal incentive programs for business start-ups in specific targeted areasThe history, community flavor and receptiveness to a new business at a prospective site5. Lack of meanAnyone who has ever been in charge of a successful major event knows that were it not for their negociateful, methodical, strategic visualizening and hard work success would not have followed. The identical could be said of most business successes.It is critical for all businesses to have a business plan. Many meek businesses fail because of fundamental shortcomings in their business planning. It must be realistic and based on accurate, current information and educated projections for the future.Components may include rendering of the business, vision, goals, and keys to successWork force involvePotential problems and solutionsFinancial ceiling equipment and supply list, balance sheet, income statement and cash flow analysis, sales and write down forecastAnalysis of competitionMarketing, advertising and promotional activitiesBudgeting and managing accompany issueIn summarizeition, most bankers request a business plan if you are seeking to secure addition heavy(p) for your company.6. Over expanding uponA leading cause of business failure, overexpansion often happens when business owners confuse success with how fast they can expand their business. A focus on slow and steady harvest-tide is optimum. Many a bankruptcy has been caused by rapidly expanding companies.At the same time, you do not want to repress growth. Once you have an established solid customer base and a good cash flow, let your success help you couch the right measured pace. Some indications that an expansion may be warranted include the inability to fill customer inevitably in a timely basis, and employees having difficulty keeping up with production demands.If expansion is warranted after careful review, research and analysis, identify what and who you need to add in order for your business to grow. Then with the right systems and people in place, you can focus on the growth of your business, not on doing everything in it yourself.7. No WebsiteSimply put, if you have a business today, you need a website. Period.In the U.S. alone, the number of internet users (about 70 percent of the population) and e-commerce sales (about 70 billion in 2004, according to the Census Bureau) continue to rise and are expected to increase with each passing year. In 2004, the U.S. led the gentlemans gentleman in internet usage.At the very least, every business should have a professional looking and well- inclinationed website that enables users to easily invent out about their business and how to avail themselves of their products and services. Later, additional ways to generate revenue on the website can be added i.e., selling ad space, drop-shipping products, or recommending affiliate products.Remember, if you dont have a website, youll most likely be losing business to those that do. And make sure that website makes your business look good, not bad you want to increase revenues, not decrease them.When it comes to the success of any new business, you the business owner are ultimately the secret to your success. For many successful business owners, failure was neer an option. Armed with drive, determination, and a positive mindset, these individuals view any setback as only an opportunity to learn and grow. Most self-made millionaires possess mediocre intelligence. What sets them apart is their openness to new association and their willingness to learn whatever it takes to succeed.http//www.businessknowhow.com/ startup/business-failure.htmQ1.3 Important Factors in tantrum Up a BusinessSetting up a new business takes imagination, research, analytical skill, ti me and money. Whether you misdirect an existing business or start a new one from scratch, the steps you take must have a structure that, make comprehensively and executed cleanly and efficiently, give you the best likelihood of succeeding.You should create a feasibility study and business plan that you can represent to advisers and funding rootages, whether theyre loan officers or potential investors, that offers dispassionate analysis and displays your fanaticism for the project.ImaginationMaybe you have an idea for a new business, or there may be an interesting business for sale in your area. Either way, its critical that you see the potential and risks to help inform your decisions as you move forward.Your community may lack a certain sell or service business, or there may be a business for sale that you believe you could sustain and improve. You index have ideas that would lead you to build a business that competes with a similar one, believing you can provide senior hig her quality products, more variety or better and/or faster service.If you a need for a business and believe it could work, its just a librate of call backing a client base to satisfy.ResearchA feasibility study reveals, in statistical data, the sizing of your potential customer or client base. State governments put bulky volumes of demographic data on their economic development websites, so you can gather counts of individuals, numbers of households, age brackets, education and income levels and other demographic informationall identifiable by zip code, county and community.If your idea involves school children, you can find data relative to student enrollments by age, gender and school district, for public, private, parochial and home-schooled children. special state agencies have data on preschool children, children in foster care and those who are otherwise wards of the state, as well as all sort of data on seniors and incarcerated individuals.Analytical SkillOnce youve gath ered sufficient data about your potential trade area, you should estimate how many people and geographies dont fit your model. For example, your bicycle shop might find many more customers in a community in the central plains states, where the topography is relatively flat, than in downtown San Francisco, which is full of very steep hills. In addition, some communities report themselves as being bicycle-friendly. Your demographic data might suggest that theory a day care business in a predominantly retirement-aged community is a bad idea because there are not luxuriant children to guard your operating expenses.Use conservative estimates to determine your potential market and market share. Loan officers and potential investors want certainty that you havent embellish the numbers to increase revenue projections, so be prepared to observe your numbers.Business PlanWrite a comprehensive business plan that includes sections on management (your experience and fitness for the specif ic childbed you propose), operations (how youll actually conduct the business), marketing (how youll reach your target audience) and key advisers and lag (where will you get the human capital to ensure success). Your plan should also include data from the feasibility study that retains your estimates of market share and the time line to profitability.Again, use conservative estimates of revenues and liberal estimates of expenses. documentation sources will want confidence that youve thought things through carefully and thoroughly.Time FrameYou may have the luxury to work full-time on your project, but if you have a day job that requires your attention then youll have to set aside evening and weekend hours to set up your business.Getting permits, licenses, FDA eulogy and patents take time. You might get a building permit or a business license in a few days, but FDA approval for a food or cosmetic product can take years. Patent research in the hands of a utilise patent attorney takes time and can be expensiveas much as $30,000 or more. The same holds true if youre renovating a property and your new effort requires an architects stamp, which might cost 10 percent of the construction cost.Simply put, plan on having your project take more time than you originally thought.Funding SourcesYou may start your business with your own funds, then get support from friends and family. The next layer of funding can be a bank or Small Business Administration loan. SBA funding typically go past out at $150,000. Beyond that there are angel investors, who are individuals of means who take financial risks with entrepreneurs in return for an expected high return on their investment (ROI).If your project requires large sums of investment money, you may be able to find back capital called professional money with a solid, conservative business plan. Venture capital money requires a very high ROI, though, because of the great risk of failure among start-up businesses.Tax increa se financing (TIF) funds help entrepreneurs rehabilitate distressed properties in certain communities. While TIF funds are set up as loans, some, most or all of the funding can be forgiven if the entrepreneur and the new business satisfy certain requirements, such as creating a certain number of jobs.Other Considerations and ResourcesAlong the way, youll probably need the advice and counsel of an accountant, attorney, declarer or architect.The SBA has offices in most major cities and a number of medium-sized ones as well.Become familiar with the National Business Incubator Association (NBIA). Incubators provide physical space and certain amenitiesperhaps phone, fax, copy and Internet serviceat no or minimal cost. They can provide access to consulting, history, legal and other resources, again at zero or minimal cost. They may charge a modest rent or take an equity position in your new company. In some cases the incubator may take a royalty or share in your licensing revenues.Learn about the Kauffman induction, a comprehensive resource for entrepreneurs.http//www.ehow.com/about_5382205_important-factors-setting-up-business.htmQ1.4 5 Resources You Need To Succeed To Start A BusinessAnyone can start a business. But to start a business that succeeds and continues to flourish isnt so easy. gibe to Statistics Canada, at least one-half the new companies in Canada go out of business before their third anniversary, and one in four new enterprises dont survive longer than one year.If youre going to start a business that has staying power, there are five resources that you must have in place before you open your genuine or figurative doors. To turn a start up venture into a successful business, you mustFully Commit triple-crown entrepreneurs are people who are fully committed to their business ventures. You have to be prepared to put your heart and soul into what youre doing. You have to truly believe in your product or service, and be prepared to work long hours to get others to believe in your product or service, too. You have to be ready to go without treats such as holidays, and even necessities such as salary, for what may seem like an endless stretch of time. And you have to do all this without the safety net that salaried employees are used to, such as benefits and pension plans.Be a quality DPeople commit themselves to all kinds of things causes, hobbies, other people. Just being able to make a commitment doesnt automatically lead to business success. If youre going to get where you want to go in business, and start a business that will endure, you also have to be what I call a Type D person someone who has desire coupled with drive, with strong decline and determination.You have to not only have the business ideas, but be able to execute them. Successful business people are foresighted obstacles are temporary barriers to work around. They may take No for an answer, but only for as long as it takes them to reframe the question from another tip and ask again.But desire and drive alone are not enough to start a business you dont want your business to be a temporary comet streaking across the sky. Discipline and determination are what give successful business people the endurance to follow through on their business ideas, and weather the storms and calms of the economic climate. acquaintance is another resource you need to have in place before you start a business. await on to the next page to learn what types of knowledge and skills you must have if you want to start a business with staying power.Get The Business Knowledge You NeedMany people have tried to start their own businesses without bothering to acquire the business knowledge they need to make their business a success and their businesses have failed.To start a business, you have to be erudite about many different aspects of business and have many different skills or at least have done the research to find and hire the people who have the skills you lack.If you arent knowledgeable enough about accounting to keep your own books, for instance, youre going to need to hire a bookkeeper and/or an accountant. If your business is Internet-based, youd be wise to hire a company to design your web site and handle the back end, unless you personally are an expert in site development.When youre creating your business plan, one of your first steps needs to be a frank assessment of your skills and expertise. What aspects of the business are you qualified or willing to handle, and which aspects will necessitate either more learning on your part or calling in outside help?Managing people is only one skill set youre going to need to start a business thats going to be successful. You also need to be knowledgeable about sales and marketing.For example, suppose youve developed a better mousetrap. Who are your competitors? What are the mousetraps theyre offering like and how are they priced? What makes your mousetrap better? Is there even a need f or a better mousetrap out there? Where is out there? Do you have the skills needed to identify and contact customers? Are you good at selling mousetraps? Can you develop a feasible marketing plan and promotional material?And what about business operations? Do you have the business knowledge to manage inventory and fill orders? Where all you going to warehousing all your mousetraps and how are you going to get them to your customers? Have you found the suppliers you need and developed relationships with them? Have you set up a customer support policy?Business knowledge before you start a business is critical. All the drive and determination in the world isnt going to help you if you dont have the knowledge to actually run a successful business and dont bother to research and plan for your success appropriately. A friend of mine had long dreamed of opening a bookstore. So he did. Unfortunately, he hadnt bothered to study the competition or the demographics of the market in the area. It took less than a year for his bookstore to fail. He had the desire and the drive, but didnt have the knowledge he needed to apply them.So lets assume that you are a Type D Personality with all the business knowledge necessary to start a business. Are you a shoo-in for success? Not unless you have the money you need to start a business. keep up on to the next page to learn about finding start up money.Find Adequate Business Start Up MoneyUnless you personally have deep pockets, such as inherited wealth, forecast out where youre going to get the money to start your own business and acquire the financing in place beforehand is going to be one of the most important components of planning your business.Finding adequate business start up money is especially critical because theres no countenance that your business is going to make money right away, and certainly no guarantee that your new business will bring in enough money for you and your family to live on. You cant start a busine ss without start-up capital, the impart amount of money you need to open your doors for business, and to keep them open until sufficient revenue can be depended on.Youre also going to need operating capital to start a business, the amount of money it takes to keep the business going. Operating capital includes expenses such as salaries, wages, rent, expenses, supplies, utilities, advertising, depreciation, and interest payments. Small business advisors recommend that start-up expenses include at least six months operating capital.If you dont have deep pockets of your own, where do you get the business start-up money you need? According to a 1998 study of small- and medium-sized enterprises by Thompson Lightstone and Company, fifty percent of small- and medium-sized business owners report that they currently borrow from a financial institution, such as a bank. Twelve percent of SMEs finance their companies through private loans from friends or relatives and common chord percent by loans from non-related individuals. Forty-one percent use personal credit cards to finance their businesses.Personal assets, such as savings, (including RRSPs, pension funds, good luck allowances), remortgaging property, credit cards, and personal property, are the most common initial source of business start up money for small businesses. This may be because people starting new businesses have no alternative if you dont have much collateral or an established credit history, getting a small business loan can be difficult. (See my article, How To Get A Small Business Loan, to learn how to increase your chances of making a successful small business loan application.)In Right From Home How To Start a Successful Home-Based Business, Barbara Mowat and Ted James state that money borrowed from family, relatives and friends makes up more than fifty percent of the loans to home-based businesses. They advise avoiding misunderstandings and bad feelings by always getting agreements about loans in writing and making sure that all loans are set up with proper security, any terms or conditions, and a payment schedule. This is sound advice to follow whenever you borrow money.What else do you need to start a business with staying power? Support. Click to continue readingThe last of the five resources you must have to start a business that will be successful is a good support system. When youre thinking of business support, look first to the home front.Its no coincidence that most successful small business operators are married. While we like to talk about going it alone and running our own show, you cant start and run a successful small business without the support of other people. And who better than a validatory spouse to listen to your ideas or problems, and provide the boost or advice that keeps you going?In Entrepreneurship A Profile For Canadians, (available from the Canadian Foundation for Economic Education), William E. Jennings points out that the successful entrepr eneur usually has an exceptionally supportive spouse.He adds that these exceptional spouses dont just provide love and stability, but also specific support for the business, such as helping to provide the capital needed to start a business, or work in the company without pay to keep costs down. Spouses who contribute financially by working outside the business are also a common small business scenario.Having a supportive spouse is especially critical if you want to start a home-based business. As Barbara Mowat and Ted James say, in reality, you dont start a home business, your whole household does (Right From Home Starting A Successful Home-Based Business).You cant start a home-based business without considering what your family members think about the idea, what role(s) your family members might play in your business, and how your business is going to affect your home life. Without the industrious support of your family, your home-based business will fail. Talk out these issues b eforehand and look for how supportive your family is before you start a business.Other business people are another valuable source of business support. No matter what kind of business youre thinking of starting, someone has been there and done that. public lecture to other business people who have already established a successful business can go a long way towards avoiding pitfalls and provide insight into what works and what doesnt.Ive always found that other business people are willing to share their knowledge with others if you cant find someone locally to talk to, theres a ever-growing network of business communities online (like this one) where you can get the information you need, and sometimes good advice, too. Youre always encounter to post your questions and comments on the Small Business Canada forum. And my Business Support program library has links to Canadian organizations where you can get advice, find a mentor, or just talk to someone.Q1.5