Sociological and Biological Constructs of Health

sociological and Biological Constructs of wellnessCONTENTSIntroduction1 region 1Definition of wellness and un wellnessiness-2Evaluate Sociological and biological constructs of wellness3 Section 2Structural patterns in inequality in modern Britain-4Evaluation of ani whatsoevertric distribution of unwellness5 Section 3Factors that reduce the freedom of health cover -6Structures of health do by service that ability affect mingled(prenominal)s7 Section 4Conclusion8 Section 5Reference-9IntroductionThis report aims to understand and analyse the different definitions of health and complaint in different perspectives, evaluate them and identify structural patterns in inequality in Modern Britain.It in any case evaluates unequal distribution of illness from different perspectives among different groups. It identifies problems that might occur in accessing health c ar among different groups in modern Britain.Finally it evaluates changes in healthc be operate and the structures, a nd how this might affect different groups in the society.DIFINING HEALTH AND ILLNESSThe dialect Beauty lies in the eyes of the beholder, can be used to subtend my own version of health and illness as to what our views be closely health and illness. For physical exertion I view health as been squiffy and healthy enough to carry violate through my daily chores, on the contrary inability to achieve it pass on be blamed on my soulal health. So how do erect number view health and illness? orbit health organisation (1946) defines health as the cordial and physiological wellbeing. On the other hand illness will be the defined as lack of mental and physical wellbeing.The biopsychosocial vex view health and illness as the interaction among bio aesculapian examination, social and psychological factors. biomedical refers to ancestral factors such(prenominal) as inherited conditions and physiological changes of individuals, psychologically how we manifest our lifeingin gs and theory and socially how we socialise and communicate with persons and group of persons in the society as a whole. The interaction with all of these factors, coupled with cultural differences among different groups of deal in Britain will influence the way we view health and illnesses.holistic model view health and illness by taking into bank n unmatched the whole person, which includes the persons body, spirit and mind. This mode is much more(prenominal) individualised to the person involved and rarely take into account wider video recording and the social and environmental factors that might possibly influence health and illness across various cultures. Biomedical models defines health and illness by victimisation scientific measure to determine if a person is ill or not, as they weigh that illness is caused by physical factors, such as physiological changes in the body and inherited genes, in case of mental health causes might be referred to neurotransmitters defect, biochemistry which might be linked to utmost increase of dopamine to the frontal cortex of the brain and so on. As such blood ladder, analysis and series of test are carried erupt to identify the causes and this whitethorn alter them to classify the illness and provide leave treatment through the use of drugs to control or cure the condition. Biomedical model view human body as a machine, in real intellect machines do develop a mechanical shift and will require location up. This is how biomedical model view the body, at a point it might break deal and require fixing up through surgery or drugs.Sociological model believes that health and illness are caused by factors out boldness of the physiological changes in the body. This model attributes causes of ill health to pauperisation and inequality, socio standard of behaviour and communication in the society. Sociological model view health to be socially constructed in the society to control nation. They also believe that different factors such as psychological, political, social, economic, biological, and culture and environment influenced the way people view health in the society.Health is not an easy term to define. For some it encompasses mental health, for others physical and mental health are compartmentalized.A perception of health or mental health is not only defined within the medical context, but it is also defined by the patient within a sociocultural context that includes family and social network as well as a wide selection of potential providers. Such definitions whitethorn start from one culture to another, Warwick-Boot (2012).Biomedical models does cause some advantages as it enable the medical aggroup to carry out series of medical test to find out any physiological changes. However, scientifically, on that point has been no amplification of drug innovation, old drugs name been manufactured under different name calling doing the same thing as previous drugs. This raise concern if these drug manufacturers are neutral to the medical teams. Areas with major health concerns and needs are been neglected and drugs budget put one over been dramatically reduced due to the poverty conditions of these groups for the fact that they might not receive a lot of profit, this refers to the medical professionals as iatrogenesis meaning they are the cause of health problems.The avail of Sociological model is that it takes into account the factors outside of the physiological changes in the body such as psychological, political, social, economic, biological, culture and environment when viewing health and illness. The down side to it is that way cultures and different groups view health and illness changes over time. For example once homosexuality was viewed as illness and now it is normal in a society.Section 2Ethnicity accord to M. Senior, B Viveash (1998) refers to paganity as a way of life, behaviour that one acts on to reconstruct a sense of their cultural identi ty in a peculiar(a) group in the society as a whole. Movement in and out of Britain feel make Britain into more diversified cultural society today, to those who pre give eard it. though several social minorities are small, but in some cases there are expectantr ones in some demographic region equal Brent in London. This makes it more obvious for a particular health need to be alimonyd for in an area where ethnic groups are gruelling in.The biological model often refers to the features which makes up the physical look of a person such as their skin colour to classify them into a group. Why the sociologists distinguishes people according to their ethnic groups.The artefact explanations strongly believe that there are specific health and illnesses associated within different ethnic groups.The sociologists curb great concern in understanding why some certain health and illnesses are associated with different ethnic groups. Such as Afro-Caribbean linked with proud rate of sick le cell anaemia an inherited blood disorder, why the White European have a high rate of haemophilia a disorder that prevents the clotting of blood and might cause someone to bleed to death if quick medical requisite intervention is not carried out on time. Also Asians are associated with high rate of warmness diseases and so forth.It is important to seek the way ethnic groups have distributed themselves in the demographic regions of Britain to enable us to account for their song in a particular area, whether they are minor or large such as ethnic group in Brent in London, understand some health related issues associated with these specific groups and outline the health disquiet needs of the majority of the local people in the society.Health inequalities exist among different groups. In this case among ethnic groups.Ethnicity and CultureAccording to Public Health Action Support (2011) there is evidence of corroboration within ethnic inequalities in health outcomes in the UK. Th ere are difficulties with the approach and measurement of ethnicity as to what the causes might be as draw below.Ethnicity is regarded as a fluid concept, because it entails different meanings within different contexts. For example, an individual from Pakistan might consider himself as a Pakistani when filling out a clear in the UK surveys, when filling out a form in the US might consider himself Asian. The definition of ethnicity is influenced by diachronic value and the current social and political context (Bradby, 2003).As definitions of ethnicity changes classifications such as race, skin colour, language, religion, nationality, country of origin, and culture do not change. These have limitations and implications in accessing health. Often reason for research are not understandably stated. Bhopal (1997) claims that ethnicity is a euphemism for race. Review of the literature, Comstock and colleagues (2004) found that researchers failed to differentiate between the concepts of race and ethnicity. reliability and boldness of measurements of ethnicity are huge concern to the society as a whole. Assigned ethnic identities may not match individual identities which threatens the validity of the research. Comparisons over time cannot reflect mixed ethnic identities. Finally classifying people as black, white, or Asian may mask differences associated between different groups of people. Ellison (2005).For the fact Ethnicity is not written on UK death certificates, and deathrate selective information uses country of birth as a proxy, this systems fail to recognise ethnic minorities that are born in the UK.Findings on ethnic inequalities in deathrate (Kelly Nazroo, 2008)Caribbeans born in the UK have high rates of fatality rate rate from stroke. Men born in the Caribbean have low rates of mortality from coronary heart disease.Born in West/South Africa you may have high mortality rates from stroke, but low mortality rates from coronary heart disease.If born in South Asia you may have high mortality rates form coronary heart disease and stroke.Non-white individuals may have low mortality rates from respiratory disease and lung cancer, but high mortality rates of diabetes.Table 1 Analyses the rates of mortality by country of origin, England and Wales, 1989-1992.Source Wild and McKeigue (1997705) in Bartly (2004)Explanations for ethnic inequalities in health includeBiased results of statistical artefact. affection are blamed on migrationprocess (change of environment).Genetic and biological differencesbetween ethnic groups may be a factor.It is associated with different culture and health behaviours.PovertyExperiences of various forms of racial abuse leads to health problems.Unequal treatment by the health guardianship system in Britain.Ethnic inequalities in health care access still persist in NHS. The inverse care law, first base described by Julian Tudor Hart in 1971, states The availableness of good medical care tends to vary inversely with the need for it in the population served.Goddard and Smith (2001) outline reasons for variations in access to health careAvailabilitySome health care services may not be available to some population groups, or clinicians may have different propensities to offer treatment to patients from different population groups, even where they have identical needs.Quality The quality of services offered to patients may vary between population groups.CostsThe health care services may call in costs (financial or otherwise) which vary between population groups.InformationThe health care organisations may fail to ensure that all population groups are equally aware of the services available.The sociological perspectives to illness varies. The functionalism expects a large population to have division of labour as no one is self -sufficient to ensure that the society functions in an orderly manner. They also instigate people to seek and comply with medical advice for speedy recovery so as to r eturn back to work. They understands people have to work, and people do not claim to be ill deliberately and as such should not be punished. This perspective do aim to protect workers from been treat or punished by their employer due to ill health, however they do overstate the importance of the doctors who have the power to make or break a patient which leads to lots of medical errors referred to as iatrogenesis. There could also be dependance on drugs to force people back to work.Marxism examine the economic systems of the capitalist society that shapes the society as a whole. As such the society is divided into two social groups which are the bourgeoisie and the childbed. Bourgeoisie the private property owners and those that owns the means of production and create counterfeit profit are believed to have greater influences in the rules of the society. Why the proletariat (labourers), those who work for the bourgeoisie are been manipulated to believe that they are in a fair s ystem. Marxism ideology encourages us to question the motives of the doctors as they intend to serve the rich people of the society. Due to the need to access healthcare and it is made available to the proletariat they have been made to believe that illness is a personal issue rather than socially constructed. Marxism does not acknowledge the the interaction between doctors patient and also they ignore the sickness and employment benefit offered by the capitalist states.Feminism views thinks men dominate the medical professions and make decisions about a cleaning womans body which affects women. They also feel that lack of understanding of a natural process of childbirth have been labelled to be a medical condition. Exhaustion from a tender role as a mum, have also been labelled as falloff. They also think why are women contraception over show? And men left out. This explains the inequality and the patriarchy world we are in today.The interactionist views are that individuals at taches meaning to their own behaviour as well as others they also feel illness differ from person one person to person, even when they are diagnosed with the same condition. They are not always in compliance with the medical team that is why a dialogue is inevitable for mutual agreement between the doctor and the patient. Sometimes the doctors do not come to terms with a patient if they complain of a particular illness, and sometimes doctors label people with illness which affect the psyche of peoples mind and then making them psychosomatic by playacting out those symptoms.If we look at post natal depression as an illness diagnosed by a medical team from all of this likely we can see that the functionist view conforms to this by giving the medical team the power to label this individual, which results to administration of drugs that eventually will become tranquillizers which leads to dependency with much more side effects. From the Marxism point of view people will be brainwashe d to accept the fact that they are suffering from this illness due to their personal physiological changes rather than socially constructed issues of the society as a whole. The feminist does not see post natal depression as an illness, rather they feel it is a natural process for a woman to become sore after the birth of a gratify as they may have had episiotomy, sore breast, sleepless nights for caring for a new born, instead of labelling it and interrupting a natural process by medication, they feel the patriarchy medical team should understand things better from a womans point of view. Finally post natal depression may be viewed as labelling an individual which into may utter their psyche and may begin to manifest the symptoms, they feel labelling someone may actually make them worse off.Can you think of human behaviours or conditions that have tardily been mediatised?Think about what makes a person disabled? Write down some physical symptoms and then discuss how these can be enabled in our societySection 3Definitions of Health, Illness and Sicknesshttp//nccc.georgetown.edu/body_mind_spirit/definitions_health_sickness.html__________________________________________Warwick____________________________________________________Michael Senior with Bruce VHealth KnowledgeInequalities in the distribution of health and health carehttp//www.healthknowledge.org.uk/public-health-textbook/medical-sociology-policy-economics/4c-equality-equity-policy/inequalities-distribution. Public Health Action Support 2011